Compare and contrast Peattie and Ching's position vis-a-vis the Essay

Compare and contrast Peattie and Ching's position vis-a-vis the idea of Japanese colonialism as an "anomaly." - Essay Example Ching focus on the anomaly from the point of view of the struggle Japanese colonies endured in changing their identity to become Japanese, hence the book title â€Å"becoming Japanese.† The book reveals the much tension and challenges involved in the formation and shift of colonial identities (Ching 19). For instance, Japanese colony, Taiwan, expresses multiple forms of national and cultural identifications; Chinese nationalist, Japanese culture, as well as, its own heterogeneous political and cultural practices. Becoming Japanese is a bridge of history and literature that brings out the anomaly in Japanese colonialism. On the other hand, Peattie focus on Japanese colonialism anomaly in their book, The Japanese Colonial Empire, as the source and evolution of the modern empire. In this book, Japanese colonies such as Korea, Karafuto, and Taiwan are termed as an empire that is governed collectively (Peattie 51). It goes further to illustrate the policies and systems that governed it, as well as, the economic dynamics that encouraged it. According to Peattie, Japanese colonialism in context of modern empire that runs from 1895 to 1945 is by itself an anomaly in colonialism (23). In conclusion, it is clear that Japanese way of colonizing is different and exceedingly unique in comparison to western colonialism. Either from ching’s way of thinking or Peattie’s, Japanese colonialism is a global phenomenon, hence colonialism

Examine Shakespeares presentation of Ophelia Essay Example for Free

Examine Shakespeares presentation of Ophelia Essay Throughout the play, Ophelia is treated as an inferior by the men in her life. She is instructed and also used by them to achieve their own selfish goals. As Rex Gibson states, Shakespearean women were virtually helpless pawns in the power games of their main relatives. Her tone towards them is most often submissive and accepting of their commands, although the audience is given occasional glimpses of the seemingly intelligent and opinionated young woman beneath her clichi d exterior. In the play, she is merely a side story. She has no particular role in the play rather than to reflect the traits of other characters, and this secondary importance to the plot reflects Shakespeares presentation of her. Upon Ophelias first appearance in the play, it becomes obvious that she and her brother have a close relationship. Laertes tells Ophelia, let me hear from you, to which she replies Do you doubt that? Laertes mentions Hamlet as a cause for concern, weigh what loss your honour may sustain, If with too credent ear you list his songs, Or lose your heart, or your chaste treasure open To his unmastered importunity. He believes that Hamlets intentions are dishonourable. He is quick to form this opinion, and as he feels he knows Hamlets true motives, this suggests that men of the era shared this abusive attitude towards women. While he may be expressing a genuine concern for his sisters well-being, there is a tone of authority in his voice. He is not her father, but as a male he talks down to her. His primary concern may be more for the honour of his family, which Ophelia would destroy should she conduct a relationship with Hamlet. She does however retort defensively with, Do not as some ungracious pastors do, Show me the steep and thorny way to heaven, Whiles like a puffed and reckless libertine Himself the primrose path of dalliance treads. Here she is warning him against hypocrisy and recognising that some men (ungracious pastors) are promiscuous while expecting women to be virtuous. In seeing that society has double standards, the audience is shown that there is a side to Ophelia deeper than is obvious in most of her appearances in the play. A modern audience would feel that her reply is justified, and would respect her for standing up for herself. She has a more relaxed attitude to verbalisation of her thoughts when she is in the presence of her brother, but still respects and accepts his will. In conversation with Polonius for the first time in the play, the audience sees the submissive side to Ophelia. Polonius is also quick to suspect Hamlets motives, reinforcing the suggestion that all men of this time have a common view of women. Polonius treatment of her reflects the double standards of Shakespeares society, as he at first seems disgruntled that she acts like an inexperienced green girl | Unsifted in such perilous circumstance and then goes on to say think yourself a baby, enforcing her inexperience. Ophelia implies her own inability to form an opinion I do not know my lord what I should think. This seemingly air-headed behaviour could cause much annoyance to a modern audience, whether she simply cannot think for herself or has an opinion and is too intimidated to voice it. Polonius perception of his daughter becomes clear with the statement you have taen these tenders for true pay | Which are not sterling. Tender yourself more dearly. The financial references here show that these tenders are worth nothing to Polonius unless they become cash, or stirling, in his hand. The acquisition of wealth comprises all of Ophelias uses to him. She is a possession and a tool to him. This is noted by Gibson, women were regarded as possessions, as capital to be exploited. He also harbours selfish concerns about his own social standing, and that Ophelia will tender him a fool, as her behaviour reflects upon him as a father. Ophelia concludes by submitting yet again, I shall obey, my lord. Despite the fact that Ophelia has firstly rebelled against expectations by meeting with a man without the permission of her father, or has gone against social mores (Pitt), she continues to treat her father as her superior and conform to his wishes. Again the audience witnesses the dual personality of Ophelia. This could leave an audience confused, and unsure of exactly what to think of her as a character, as her true identity remains a mystery until her death. After Hamlet advances upon her looking like he had been loosed out of hell, Ophelia runs to her father, seeking protection and comfort. She enters the room saying O my lord, my lord, I have been so affrighted. Modern audiences may draw comparisons between this and the behaviour of a small child. Not only is she treated like one by men, but at this point she proves their treatment to be right. This might anger a modern audience who could perceive her to be lacking common sense and therefore totally unable to deal with a hostile situation. To increase the antagonism of a post-feminist audience, she then goes on to relate that she was sewing in her closet at the time of incident while to a Shakespearean audience sewing was part of life for women, a modern audience would see this as a stereotypically effeminate activity being used by Ophelia to play up her helplessness. As stated by A. C. Bradley in the Victorian era, a large number of readers feel a personal kind of irritation against Ophelia; they seem unable to forgive her for not having been a heroine. While this does not represent the viewpoint of todays audience, it shows that even in Victorian times when women were still much less free than they are now, Ophelias helplessness is exaggerated to the point of irritation. We witness Ophelias utter submissiveness yet again, and her acting as if she has no thoughts of her own I do not know, | But truly I do fear it. Ophelia incessantly addresses her father submissively as my lord. It can be presumed that Ophelia has been taught to address him thusly, reflecting on Polonius as a father, who is an example of men at the time of the play. Polonius sees Ophelia as being far inferior to him. He speaks to her in short commands Come, go with me, rather than asking her to do things. He also seems to think that she is untrustworthy, as he questions her, Have you given him any hard words of late? suspecting that she has not done what he told her to do. As Ophelias letters are read aloud, she stands on the stage in silence to endure this harsh and humiliating experience. She is utterly powerless as her most intimate secrets are exposed to the King and Queen. Her father has granted her no right to privacy, to the point that he publicly proclaims and meddles in her affairs. Polonius says I have a daughter have while she is mine, this bluntly suggests his intentions to sell her, and continues Who in her duty and obedience, mark, | Hath given me this. Here, it is as if he is marketing her, making her good qualities known to the King and Queen, telling them to mark, possibly in the hopes that they approve of her as a wife to Hamlet. In this situation Polonius social standing would vastly improve. She is certainly seen by him as capital to be exploited. Upon the Kings questioning Ophelias chastity, Polonius asks him What do you think of me? This shows that in a Shakespearean society, the behaviour of a daughter was seen to be an indication of how honourable her father was, again proving that women were taught chastity, modesty, obedience and faithfulness to their husbands (Gibson), to be used as social and financial tools. Elaine Showalter accurately describes Ophelia as that piece of bait. She is used to confirm whether or not Hamlets separation from her is the cause of his madness. Before the first conversation between Hamlet and Ophelia (which is held under surveillance by Polonius and the King), Ophelia is not even given a greeting, but is spoken to only by the Queen, and exclusively about Hamlet And for your part Ophelia, I do wish That your good beauties be the happy cause Of Hamlets wildness. Their main concern is Hamlets return to his prior sane state and hope to be able to use Ophelia as a way of bringing it about. Ophelia herself has absolutely no control over events relating to her. She speaks briefly, only when spoken to, and to express her desire to see Hamlet well again Madam, I wish it may. Her father again talks to her commandingly, as if she were a dog, Ophelia, walk you here. When she is at first left with Hamlet, she remains silent onstage throughout his long monologue, until he mentions her. A conversation begins with Ophelias greeting Hamlet, Good my lord, and hereafter she uses the words my lord repetitively. When she mentions rememberances that she as longed long to re-deliver, she is shunned by Hamlet, as he says I never gave you aught. Ophelia further shows the audience that she is an intelligent young woman rather than a girl who is full of nonsense. She elaborates on her feelings for Hamlet with the words: My honoured lord, you know right well you did, And with them words of so sweet breath composed As made these things more rich. Their perfume lost, Take these again, for to the noble mind Rich gifts wax poor when givers prove unkind. There my lord. The audience sees here through her passionate statement that these words held great importance to Ophelia and that she is expressing the depth of her emotion. With Hamlet she gives the first indications of her true feelings, things that she would not share with her father. She is however belittled and mocked by Hamlet (Ha, ha, are you honest? ). Her clever response to Hamlets mad ramblings gives us another insight into the more hidden side of Ophelia. Fundamentally, however, Ophelia is a side story, and is of secondary importance to the main plot and has no story without Hamlet. She appears in only five of the plays twenty scenes (Showalter) and is used to inform the audience of what Hamlet was like before his descent into madness. As stated by Angela Pitt, Ophelias main function in the play is to illuminate a particular facet of Hamlets decline. She has known him in both friendship and gallant devotion. She fulfils this role: O what a noble mind is here oerthrown! The courtiers, soldiers, scholars, eye, tongue, sword, Th expectancy and rose of the fair state, The glass of fashion, and the mould of form. While we see here that she is articulate, is underestimated by Polonius and does have something of value to say, it is quite tragic that this outburst of expression is not of herself, but of Hamlets personality prior to his fathers death. As she is used throughout the play by men, here Shakespeare uses her as a way of imparting information to the audience. At this point in the play, the audience can sympathise with Ophelia, as the pain of rejection by a lover exists outside of time. By proving to the audience that she is intelligent and educated, she wins respect, as modern society values these qualities highly in both men and women. Just before the play, Hamlet initiates a tirade of sexual references directed toward Ophelia. It begins with heres metal more attractive, a mocking reference to her looks. He goes on to say to Ophelia Lady, shall I lie in your lap? to which she replies No my lord. He persists in trying to humiliate Ophelia with phrases such as Do you think I meant country matters? and Thats a fair thought to lie between maids legs. Ophelias responses are short and she again repeats my lord No my lord, Ay my lord, I think nothing, my lord. Her words are sharp and brief as she denies Hamlet the pleasure of provoking an outburst from her. While this repetition could show her merely being weak and submissive, as she is forced to take his insults, it can also be argued that she knows here exactly what she is doing, as she later goes on to retaliate, You are naught, you are naught Ophelias naivety must be assumed and not genuine, because later she gives as good as she gets (Pitt): Ophelia. You are keen my lord, you are keen. Hamlet. It would cost you a groaning to take off mine edge. Ophelia. Still better, and worse. Here she neglects to say my lord, which shows that her tone has changed, and she has given up trying to be tolerant of Hamlet. Ophelias descent into madness portrays her in an ironic and rather tragic light. Her condition has caused her to be more vocal and to reject authority. Now people notice that Ophelia is speaking, and try to understand what she says, when her mind is not her own nothing she says makes sense. Even though she is louder, her position is still largely unchanged her madness expresses itself through her, but does not allow her to express her own true thoughts. At the time, women who were vocal and opinionated, who challenged authority or sought freedom were often portrayed as being insane. This overly emotional, nonsensical state was also thought to be womanhood in its purest, unsuppressed form Ophelia might confirm the impossibility of representing the feminine in patriarchal discourse as other than madness, incoherence, fluidity, or silence Ophelia represents the strong emotions that the Elizabethans as well as the Freudians thought womanish and unmanly. (Showalter). The themes of her songs are death and true love the two issues that have most recently affected her. Firstly, her exploitation by Hamlet: And I a maid at your window, To be your Valentine. Then up he rose, and donned his clothes, And dupped the chamber door, Let in the maid, that out a maid, Never departed more. In Shakespearean times, it was extremely important that a woman maintained her chastity it is implied quite obviously by these songs that Ophelia did engage in sexual relations with Hamlet. This would have meant the loss of her reputation altogether. People will now take notice of these open declarations, as a woman her promiscuity is condemned, whereas a mans promiscuity (Hamlets) will be overlooked. This exposes Shakespearean societys double standards. A woman of high social standing such as Ophelia was expected even more so to exhibit virtue, and so was very vulnerable and open to condemnation, with every relationship putting her in a potentially life-destroying position. Now, when the relationship has dissolved, she is in a difficult position. Her imprisonment is particularly distressing to a modern audience, who are very used to seeing women with much more freedom. While todays morals are not quite as tight as Shakespearean morals, a modern audience will still feel a lot of sympathy for the poor abused and abandoned Ophelia. As well as being an issue of chastity, it also involves trust. She trusted Hamlet with her love and her reputation wrongly. Secondly, she sings about her fathers death: At his head a grass-green turf, At his heels a stone. His death has marked the loss of two of the men in her life who, while they were controlling and dictating, were all that she had, and both of whom she loved dearly. When Ophelia falls into the river where she eventually perishes, she does nothing to save herself. She is as passive at the moment of her death as she was throughout life, doing nothing to save herself. Gertrude is able to describe Ophelias death in detail, down to the exact type of flowers Ophelia had decked herself with (crowflowers, nettles, daisies, and long purples). This may be seen as Gertrudes expression of genuine sympathy for her fellow woman. Ophelias death can be seen as a suicide, but Gertrude, perhaps to prevent Ophelia from being denied a Christian burial, which would have deepened Laertes grief, describes her as having been one incapable of her own distress, suggesting that she fell in and simply did not care enough to get out. Ophelias last influence in the play is her funeral, where Laertes jumps into her grave in grief. Hamlet however jumps in after him, and they begin to grapple irreverently, arguing over who loved her more: Hamlet. I loved Ophelia, forty thousand brothers Could not, with all their quantity of love, Make up my sum what wilt thou do for her? Hamlet persists in trying to out-do Laertes in his love for his sister, to the point of ridiculousness Woot drink up eisel, eat a crocodile? | Ill dot. This sudden display of affection for Ophelia from Hamlet contrasts hugely with his treatment of her during her life, and seems unrealistic. Laertes grief for Ophelia is overshadowed by his desire for revenge as Hamlet has destroyed his family. The two use their love for Ophelia as an excuse to let private rivalries surface, even at her funeral. This is symbolic of how she has been used throughout the play, by Polonius to get closer to the king and by Hamlet to portray his insanity. To a Shakespearean audience, peoples treatment of Ophelia would have been typical of the way in which women were treated. Her silence and oppression would have been met with sympathy, as well the empathy of women of the time. While her situation with regards to Hamlet and his cold rejection of her still holds poignancy with a modern audience, people today may question more why she made little attempt to defend herself in certain situations, and why she so blankly followed the instructions of her father and brother at the expense of her own mental and emotional well-being. Bibliography Shakespeare, William, Hamlet, Heinemann, 1996 Pitt, Angela, Shakespeares Women, David and Charles, 1981 Gibson, Rex, Cambridge Student Guide: Hamlet, Cambridge University Press, 2002 A. C. Bradley, Shakespearean Tragedy, 1904 Showalter, Elaine, Representing Ophelia: Women, Madness and the Responsibilities of Feminist Criticism. in New Casebooks: Hamlet, Macmillan, 1992 Eleanor Crossey Malone L6G.

Vocabulary :: essays research papers fc

Introduction One of the most fascinating aspects of words is that they all have a past. Some words in English, for example, can be shown to have been in place for more than 5000 years (P. Baldi, 1999). Ordinarily we pay little attention to the words we articulate; we concentrate instead on the meaning we intend to express and we are seldom conscious of how we express that meaning. Only if we make a mistake and we have to correct it or we have difficulty remembering a word we become conscious of our word. This means that most of us do not know where the word we use come from and how they come to have the meaning they do. English words come from several different sources. They developed naturally over the course of centuries from ancestral languages, they are also borrowed from other languages and we create many of them by various means of word vocabulary available to us today. History and morphology of the word Mother The idea of the mother goddess was invented in early ice age, some 25,000-30,000 years ago. She and her life giving breasts were called omma from which we have the words akin to maternal, matter, and mother. By the late ice age the Semites had shortened omma to om. The Dravidians of India are Semites who migrated to India after the ice age. They still call mother goddess omm. Om is also the present day Arabic word for female and mother. Omma became ma among the Iranians, meaning the female breast. From ma we have the Iranian maman. Also, we have the Iranian ma-Dar (earlier ma-tar) meaning breast which became mater in Latin, modor in Old English (725), madre in modern Italian, and mother in modern English (1425), (R.K.Barnhant, 2000). Collocation There are several words that fit together with the word mother.  Mother Country  Mother Nature  Mother Figure  Mother Tongue  Mother Board Connotation The word mother has a positive connotation as it describes maternal tenderness and affection although in American English mother could also mean motherfucker which carry a negative and vulgar meaning (Chambers, 1994). Semantic field relation The following are some semantic field relations to the word mother.  Father  Son  Daughter Semantic usage   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  REGISTER Mother  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Very Formal British English Mum  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Informal British English Mummy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Informal British English mainly used by children Mom  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Informal American English Mommy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Informal American English mainly used by children Ma  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Informal expression American and British English working class (often used with any much older woman)

MARY FLANNERY OCONNOR :: essays research papers

MARY FLANNERY O'CONNOR Flannery O'Connor was a Southern writer especially noted for 32 incisive short stories before a tragic death at the age of 39. Mary Flannery O'Connor was born March 25, 1925 in Savannah, Georgia, the only child of Francis and Regina O'Connor. The family lived on Lafayette Square at 207 East Charlton Street in Savannah, adjacent to the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, where Mary Flannery was baptized into the Catholic faith on April 12, 1925. She attended school at St. Vincent's grammar school, taught by the Sisters of Mercy from Ireland. She received national media attention at the age of five when she trained a chicken to walk backwards. The summers were often spent visiting her mother's family, the Clines, in Milledgeville, Georgia. Because of financial difficulties with his real estate business, her father, who had developed health problems as well, took a federal job in Atlanta in 1938, when Mary Flannery was 13. However, settling in Atlanta proved difficult for the family, and Mary Flannery and her mother Regina Cline O'Connor moved to the mother's family home in Milledgeville in fall of the same year. Her father's health continued to decline, and it was not until shortly before his death on February 1, 1941 that he was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosis, the same disease that would claim Flannery. Following graduation from Peabody High School and the Georgia State College for Women in Milledgeville, she began attending the State University of Iowa, where she began her writing career and introduced herself as Flannery. While in Iowa City, she attended Mass daily at St. Mary's Church; throughout her life, she remained true to her Catholic faith. During graduate school, her short story The Geranium was accepted for publication by Accent in 1946. She submitted her thesis in 1947, entitled The Geranium: a Collection of [Six] Short Stories, and received her Masters of Fine Arts degree on June 1, 1947. Flannery O'Connor's writings offer deep insight on the fallen nature of mankind through original sin, but redemption through the grace of Jesus Christ. Flannery O'Connor's first novel, Wise Blood, published in 1952, achieved only a modest reception. However, she received critical acclaim and popular success with the 1955 publication of A Good Man is Hard to Find, a collection of 10 short stories, the first story bearing the same name. A second novel, The Violent Bear it Away, was published in 1960.

The Dimensions of Inter-Professional Practice

Abstract The essay examines a situation encountered by the student during her placement on a hospital ward: the regular ward meetings to discuss patient care and progress. The essay reflects upon the experience using the reflective cycle model proposed by Gibbs. It also draws upon SWOT analysis and the PDSA cycle model for nursing practice. While rooted in the student’s experience, the essay also looks at relevant theoretical concepts including those of multidisciplinary teamwork and patient-centred healthcare. 1. Introduction This essay aims to consider a situation I have encountered during my placement, using principles of reflective practice to outline an appropriate change to established procedure which, I feel, will benefit service users and staff. I want to discuss ward reviews, and show how these can be improved by extending the range of people who attend these reviews. I want to use principles of reflective practice and evidence-based practice to examine this area. The essay will use Gibbs reflective cycle as a structure within which to understand a situation I encountered, and plan for change. The essay will also look at some relevant theory, including notions of interprofessional team work, change theory and team dynamics.The current situation will be discussed in terms of these. I will also draw upon the PDSA cycle model for nursing practice (NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement 2012 [online]), which provides a way to structure and implement change. I will also use a tool widely used in business called ‘SWOT’ analysis, which helps in change planning by formalising the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in a given situation, and which is also useful for healthcare (Marquis and Huston 2009). Gibbs (1988) model of reflective practice will also be influential. The essay will be structured according to this 6 sta ge cycle, from description of event through evaluation and analysis to action and further reflection. While there are several different models of using reflectivity in practice including Bortons’ (1970), Kolb’s (1984) and Johns’ (1995), I use Gibbs model as it seems to best express the dynamic process of learning and change for me.These tools will be used to demonstrate the things I feel are inadequate with the present situation whereby a limited number of healthcare professionals attend ward reviews, and suggest a change whereby key workers also attend, offering a deeper perspective on patient needs. The nomination form, which assesses my placement, is included in the Appendix. 2. The Situation: Description The situation in question occurred when I was on placement. The hospital at which I was working, like others, carried out regular ward reviews. In these, the patient was discussed. A number of key staff involved in patient care were involved, and the aim was to review the patients care, treatment and prognosis. At the hospital where I carried out my placement, the members of staff who were involved were the consultant, the occupational therapist and the review nurse, sometimes also a student attended. The patient did not attend this meeting. I attended a number of these reviews. In general, all members of the team who attended were respected and respectful, and took care to listen to what each person had to say. One person led the meeting, making sure all were included and also ensuring that discussion did not go on for too long. Realistic goals and a date for the next meeting were set at the end, and the items discussed were formalised in writing. 3. The Situation: My Feelings I had two sets of feelings. On the one hand, I felt pleased that everyone who attended the meetings seemed to have the best interests of the patient at heart. Where there were disputes it was regarding what would work best for the patient. Also, I was pleased with how professionally staff members conducted themselves, I seldom witnessed rudeness or ‘shortness’ when one person spoke to another. People took turns and really seemed to listen. In part, I felt, this was due to the way the meetings were led, which was very sensitive. However, on the other hand, I felt quite annoyed and disappointed that not all staff who were involved in patient care were included in the meetings. I felt that a whole side of the patient’s experience was being missed out. The staff who attended seemed to understand the patient’s condition only generally, from their records and discussing the situation, not through contact with the patient daily. The holistic side of patient car e, understanding what the patient was feeling, seemed to have been missed out. 4. Evaluation In terms of the ‘SWOT’ framework, widely used in business but also useful for understanding healthcare (Williamson et al 1996), I evaluated the experience as follows. As Gibb’s evaluation stage is concerned mainly with what is good and bad about the experience, I have omitted the ‘opportunities’ and ‘threats’ from this analysis, as they will be covered later.StrengthsGood communication between team members Respectful awareness of other points of view Developed clear goals and actions to followWeaknessesPatient seems to lack a ‘voice’ Those involved in caring regularly from patient are not included in the review Those who know the patient well are not included in the review Lack of holistic and person-centred care 5. Analysis The following sections looked at what happened, how I experienced it and what sense I made of it within my own parameters. In order to make wider sense of the situation, I need to draw upon notions of interprofessional teamwork, user perspectives and team dynamics, all concepts central to the current health service. Interprofessional teamwork, also known as multidisciplinary teamwork (MDT), has been part of healthcare policy in the UK since 1997 (Davis 2007). As an approach, it means professionals from a range of disciplines involved in patient care meeting to discuss and agree on care plans for patients (Hostad 2010). There are a number of benefits, for example multidisciplinary teamwork seems to meet user needs better, and to deliver better outcomes. However, there are also some drawbacks including the time needed for teams to work effectively, and difficulties with perceived status differences (Housley 2003).For effective MDT, the ways in which team dynamics work has to be unde rstood. There are many attempts to understand how people work together, both generally and in the healthcare context, for example Bale’s (1950) model. Maslow’s model is also influential in healthcare. He suggested that all human’s need to be respected by others in order to feel valued, and have a need to feel part of a group, and want to have their social and emotional needs met within the work context (Borkowski 2009). The notion of incorporating user perspectives is also very influential in the NHS currently, as ‘patient-centred healthcare’. This was introduced in the late 90’s, and involves patients being involved as much as possible in decisions which are made about their care. The relationship between healthcare professional and patient is no longer one in which the professional is at the top of a hospital hierarchy, but one of partnership in which mutual respect and communication exist (Chambers et al 2003) Overall, I feel that both MDT and patient-centred healthcare could be improved here through including the key workers, or support workers of the named patient. The key worker acts as a co-ordinator on behalf of the patient, keeping the patient informed of what is going on and co-ordinating care and ensuring continuity of treatment (NICE 2004). Support workers or healthcare assistants act in a supporting role to other professionals, and are very ‘hands-on’ in well-being and looking after the patient.Both these professionals have much closer contact with the patient and as such have important insights into the patient’s situation. Multidisciplinary teamwork emphasises including all viewpoints relevant to the situation, and I feel that these workers would add valuable insights to enhance the teamwork. In addition, how can patient care be really holistic and patient-centred if the meetings do not include those people who get to know patients as individuals, understa nding their feelings, hopes and fears Including support and key workers would allow those people who are not involved in daily care to really understand how the patient is feeling.In addition, if support and key workers were present at the meeting, it would be much easier and quicker to feedback to the patient what is going on with their care. As it stands, patients hear second hand. 6. Conclusion Gibbs suggests reflecting upon what else I could have done here. Given that I was on placement, I feel that the opportunities for changing the situation are practically limited. At the time, I felt it was not appropriate for me to speak up and question the accepted meeting structure. Later, however, I did question whether I should have mentioned this to my supervisor on the ward. I felt that the emphasis on MDT meant that I would be heard sympathetically, even though I had very little experience. If I was able, I would change the meeting structure to ensure that either a support worker or a key worker was included as a matter of principle. I feel that the existing meeting structure is very good, and that if it was part of protocol that staff closely involved in the patient’s care were included, they would be welcomed into the meetings, their opinions heard and the patient’s viewpoint better understood. This would, I feel, ensure that the care delivered to the patient was more truly patient-centred and holistic, as it would take into account not only quantitative data about their condition but also their feelings and emotions. In addition, I feel wider meetings would be more reflective of multi-dimensional teamworking, as they currently don’t include all staff perspectives. It also seems that including key and support workers is more ethical. All hospitals have detailed code of conducts which set out the ways in which they expect their staff to behave, and the care of the patient is generally the first priority in these. Working as a team is also one of the central tenets of most ethical codes in UK hospitals (Melia 2004). 7. Action Plan Here I draw upon the PDSA model to suggest a way to structure the change:PlanDiscuss and agree new format for meetings (including key worker or support worker) Inform key / support worker and other staff of new meeting formatDoCarry out a series of 4 pilot meetings over agreed time period Agree and implement mechanisms for review of new meeting format (gather data from key/support workers, staff already included, and patients)StudyAnalyse data collected, assess changes against clearly defined criteria (for example, do patients feel more informed, happier; did key/support workers feel included; did other staff value new structure) What worked wellWhat worked less well?ActPlan new meetings on basis of what was learnt during study phase. If including key/support workers beneficial, change meeting structure so that they are now part of meetings. Ensure that repercussions of this are understood, for example allowing them extra time for preparing for meetings. References Borton, T (1970) Reach, Teach and Touch, Mc Graw Hill, London. Gibbs, G (1988) Learning by Doing: A Guide to Teaching and Learning Methods, Further Educational Unit, Oxford Polytechnic, Oxford. Johns C (1995) Framing learning through reflection within Carper’s fundamental ways of knowing in nursing Journal of Advanced Nursing, 22, 226-234 Kolb, D A (1984) Experiential Learning experience as a source of learning and development, Prentice Hall, New Jersey Marquis, B L and Huston, C J (2009) Leadership roles and management functions in nursing: theory and application (6th edn), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Melia, K M (2004) Health care ethics: lessons from intensive care, SAGE, Thousand Oaks, CA NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement (2012) ‘Plan, Do, Study, Act (PDSA)’, [online] (cited 14th February 2012), available from http://www.institute.nhs.uk/quality_and_service_improvement_tools/quality_and_service_improvement_tools/plan_do_study_act.html NICE (2004) ‘Improving Outcomes Guidance for Supportive and Palliative Care’, National Institute of Clinical Excellence 2004, London. Williamson, S, Stevens, R E, Loudon, D L (1996) Fundamentals of strategic planning for healthcare organizations, Routledge, UK Appendix CLIENT – INCLUDE NOMINATION FORM HERE Assignment In writing the 1500 word reflective commentary focussed on service improvement you should consider/address the following: The context and setting for your placement. Your reflective commentary should focus either on a service improvement initiative that you have identified with your mentor, or on a service improvement that has previously been implemented in your practice area. You should examine this initiative in terms of the inter-professional team and identify actual or potential ways that inter-professional working can facilitate its implementation. You should also discuss potential barriers to implementation. You MUST include the Service Improvement Activity notification form with your assignment including a discussion of future plans in terms of the service improvement initiative. An evidence based model of reflection or reflective writing should be used. You should offer a rationale to support what you have used (fixed resource sessions on the use and application of reflective models and writing are included in the delivery of this module). You should also demonstrate the use of the PDSA cycle in terms of service improvement. For assessment purposes you are not expected to move beyond the planning stage of the PDSA cycle. As this assignment is a reflective commentary your reflection must be supported and referenced by using appropriate sources (as per learning outcomes). You may wish to use a structured reflective model e.g. Gibbs’, Rolfe et al or John’s; or you may wish to write in a reflective style, encompassing reflection on action e.g. Schon or Borton. This is your choice but either way you must show evidence you have done this. A reflective commentary requires that you use subheadings. The structure of this piece of work can be informed by using either learning outcomes or the stages of a reflective model to do so. If you say you are going to use a model of reflection, then you must demonstrate clearly that you have done so. Which ever process you use must be briefly explained and rationalised within your introduction. Ensure that you have supported your assignment with appropriate, contemporary and relevant sources, including published literature, professional standards key texts and policy. You need to apply theory to practice and use paraphrasing to demonstrate understanding of the sources you have used. Make sure you address the relevant learning outcomes for this piece of work (l,2,5) in this commentary: Learning outcome one requires you to analyse the unique role of the nurse within the inter-professional team and also to apply this to your experience in your placement area. For example, do nurses in your placement area require any additional skills or knowledge to work with the client/patient group Learning outcome two requires you to evaluate the contribution of all members of the inter-professional team in providing holistic care to clients/patients. For example, which guidelines and policies inform holistic care in your placement area and how did this impact on practice in your areaHow did the team work togetherWhat quali ties did you note in the team and how did this impact on care delivery Learning outcome five asks you to reflect on learning and transfer newly gained knowledge. For example, what did you learn and how will what you learned in your placement help to prepare you to be a registered nurse

Cockney Rhyming Slang Essays

Cockney Rhyming Slang Essays Cockney Rhyming Slang Essay Cockney Rhyming Slang Essay Sir Winston Churchill one time observed that Americans and the British are ‘a plain people divided about a non-private jargon’ †¦ Conditions was that as true as when describing the Cockneys. You’ve certainly heard their stress, made well-known in the whole shooting match from movies based on Dickens and George Bernard Shaw novels to computer-generated gekkos powerful real gekkos how to go forth and sell car insurance. The Australian cadence has its roots in Cockney civilization, as they comprised a beneficent portion of prisoners who were shipped there through the British when they viewed the Berth Down Under as an unreal penal colony. Cockneys are the crafty characters from east London who admire those among their batch who can frame a living simply via ‘ducking and diving, join,’ which is their version of wheeling and dealing on a working-class level. To be a ‘accurate’ Cockney, one must be born ‘within the sounds of the Bow bells.’ That’s a indication to the St Mary-le-Bow Church in the Cheapside partition of London ‘proper.’ Their appear carries to a stretch of approaching three miles, which defines the Cockney digs recovered than any zoning ordinance could do. The arrange ‘Cockney’ foremost appeared in the 1600s, but its actual origins are vague. Its premier known reference was coupled to the Obeisance bells themselves in a patch irony that gave no sensible exchange for the association. Some think that ‘Cockney’ came from the essay second wavelet of Vikings, known as the Normans. These were descendants of the Northmen (’Norman’ was the French information in support of ‘Viking’) who settled in that faction of northern France that came to be known as Normandy when Ruler Charles the Plain ceded it to the Vikings in change object of ceasing their annual summer sackings of Paris. William the Conqueror was a Norman, and when he took England in 1066, a of consequence amount of French pressurize permeated the Anglican language. Normans often referred to London as the Take captive of Sugar Cake, or ‘Pais de Cocaigne,’ which was an allusion to what they gnome as ‘the orderly spirit’ that could be had beside living there. Ultimately, this gave bring into being to a dub as a service to being spoiled, ‘cockering,’ and from there, Cockney was a peremptorily unoriginal away. Cockneys are famous with a view dropping the ‘H’ from the start of words and abominable in the grey matter of every grammar doctor to go to their coining the order ‘ain’t’ to supplant the formal contraction in support of ‘is not.’ However, their most in perfect accord quirk is their unique and catchy rhyming slang. Explanatory note has it that, during the course of their ‘ducking and diving,’ they would then run afoul of the law. It was not uncommon proper for groups of Cockneys to be transported together to and from incarceration and courtroom, plainly in the party of policemen. So that they could represent unashamedly to each other and deny the officers any cleverness to construe what they were saying, Cockneys devised a word/phrase combine scheme that however the truly-indoctinated could follow. This became known as their rhyming slang. It’s simple, really. Instead of illustration: Dog-and-bone = blower Apples-and-pears = stairs Troubles-and-strife = partner So, if a Cockney wanted you to crack upstairs to disclose his spouse that there’s a phone gather in place of her, he’d quiz you to ’steal the apples and advertise the trouble she’s wanted on the dog.’ As a general observation, their craftsmanship is that the another tete-†¦-tete of a rhyming idiomatic expression is the affiliation between the ‘translated’ in sum and the first advice in the rhyming phrase, which becomes the report inured to when speaking. Sometimes, notwithstanding that, to highlight the word, the entire say energy be used. That being the case, if you are definitely exhausted and lust after to make a nub of it, you would vociferate, ‘I’m cream crackered!’ This is because ‘knackered’ is an English compromise concerning with a view being whacked; cream crackers, incidenally, go prosperously with tea. There are sober-sided dictionaries in search Cockney rhyming slang, from filch versions tailored as a service to tourists to online listings. Two good sites an eye to the latter are London Slang and Cockney Rhyming Slang. As with most slang, its vibrance is source quest of unvarying swelling and/or modification of terms, so the Cockney rhymes are always a toil in progress. People note of admonish: nothing sounds worse than a company attempting to over-Cockney their speech. If you’re belief of touring an East Peter out trade in or pub and want to reciprocate your respects by using the adjoining spoken, be prepared with a scattering elementary terms and deploy them with a grin only when the provoke permits. Otherwise, not being satisfied if you’re ‘winsome the Mickey’ out of them or just unknowing, the Cockneys pleasure most right sight you as a ‘promising Charley Ronce’ and modify away. Premised that ‘ponce’ is normal English slang for the treatment of a goose - which had its origins in describing a ‘luxurious bloke,’ conditions known as a ‘pander’ in modern times - you may foremost lack a ‘British’ translator to charge you what dispatch the Cockney was using. Not later than that term, you’ll no hesitate agree that Churchill wasn’t ‘alf Pete Tong (ie- wrong). In truthfully, he didn’t even need to refer to another country in ukase to be right.

The Paper

The Paper The Paper BIO-220 June 3, 2012 Water†¦ Is it natural? Water is one of the primary substances for life and life cannot exist without it. One must consistently add fresh water to the body in order to keep it hydrated and healthy because it plays a vital role in nearly every bodily function. In addition, water is essential for proper digestion, nutrient absorption, and chemical reactions. Is water natural? Imagine not being able to drink clean water as a result of pollution. Water pollution is a very critical environmental issue and is harmful to the health and life of both humans and animals. Humans around the world must become aware of the dangers and the role they play in the quality of the water around them and improve in the ways water pollution is treated. In this essay, one will ascertain a thorough understanding of some of the causes and some of the dangers of water pollution and ways to prevent it. Even though water is a vital part of human life, many of the causes of water pollution come f rom humans and their ignorance. To name a few, water pollution is caused by agricultural runoffs, leaking sewer lines, and accidental leaks and spills. Agricultural runoffs are the result of manmade products like pesticides, insecticides, or herbicides and other waste from a large area of land. These products are made to help crops during their growth process and prevent them from being eaten by insects. As a result, these chemicals are washed into waters through natural processes that form increased nitrates and phosphates that are harmful to humans and have a very harsh impact on the environment. Global warming aside, agricultural runoffs are considered one of today’s biggest environmental threats. Leaking sewer lines are another cause of water pollution. Sewer lines are manmade instruments that carry human waste to different industrial plants that may leak due to time and or failure and generally is untreated raw sewage. These lines are buried deep underground belo w the active portion of the soil and when the leaking takes place the sewage enters ground water directly. Sewage wastes then end up contaminating surface water. Accidental leaks and spills is a topic that most are familiar with and have heard about. These types of water pollution are not only critical to human life but also to marine life. Leaks and spills can happen at any time simply because of the handling of chemicals. Recently the Gulf has experienced this very tragic cause of water pollution and will be recovering for many years to come. In life, one can face many dangers from the time of birth to the time of death but the dangers of water pollution should not be part of that equation. The killing of life that inhabits water-based ecosystems, the disruption of the natural food chain and the death of human life are just a few of the dangers associated with water pollution. Water pollution can and will kill life that inhabits water-based ecosystems such as dolphins, diff erent types of birds, and many species of fish. As each of these species within water-based ecosystems die that will ultimately have an effect on all human life. These water pollutions will eventually disrupt the natural food chain. If water pollution over takes natural water systems the plant life could die and have a major effect on the species that rely on them for food. Eventually these species will not have a reliable food source and die as well, resulting in a collapse in the food chain all the way to life of humans. This collapse could result in the death to humans. This is the ultimate danger in water pollution. Without the life within the water-based ecosystem, the disruption of the natural food chain all the way up to human life could mean death to all human life. Even though there are many policies set forth by the government to protect from water pollution there are individual preventative methods in which each person can carry out. The Paper The Paper Name: Date: 2/13/2012 Licensure: EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: NATIONAL COMMON CORE STANDARDS EXPLORATION GUIDE 27 points total DUE FEB. 13, 2012 Part 1: To be completed utilizing PPT, handouts, and other online resources (corestandards.org). 1. Describe how the Common Core Standards were developed (address who, when, how; may use a timeline format) You may use the back if more space is needed. (3 points) The standards were developed in June 2010 by the Council of Chief State Officers (CCSSO) and the National Governors Association (NGA). The standards were drafted on the foundation created by states work on crafting high-quality education standards. As specified by CCSSO and NGA, the standards are: research and evidence base, aligned with college and work expectations, rigorous, and internationally benchmarked. The standards are an extension of a prior initiative led by CCSSO and NGA to develop College and Career Readiness (CCR) standards in reading, writing, speaking, listening, and language as well as mathematics. 2. Fill in the following chart which details the crosswalk between the current Academic Content Standards and the new Common Core Strands. (3 points) Common Core Strands (4) | Ohio’s Current Standards (10) | 1.Reading Strand | * Phonemic Awareness, Word Recognition and Fluency Standard * Reading Process Standard * Reading Applications: Informational, Technical and Persuasive Text Standard * Reading Applications: Literary Text Standard | 2. Writing Stand | * Writing Process Standard * Writing Applications Standard * Research Standard | 3.Speaking and Listening Strand | * - Comprehension and Collaboration * - Presentation of Knowledge and Ideas | - 4. Language Strand | * Writing Conventions Standard * Vocabulary Acquisition and Use | 3. Answer each of these questions using appropriate written communication skills (i.e. complete sentences). (3 points) a) How do the College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards support/relate to each of the strands? (For K-5, pp. 10,18,22,25; for 6-12. Pp. 35,41,48,51) There are four strands for the College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards. These four strands are Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening, and Language. For each of these strands listed there are standards which support and relate why these strands are necessary. For reading, some of the standards are reading closely to determine what the text says explicitly; determine central or themes of a text and analyze their development; and read comprehend complex literary and informational texts independently and proficiently. For writing, produce clear and coherent writing, construct short stories, and use technology to produce and publish writing to interact and collaborate with others. For speaking and listening, being able to prepare for and participate in a range of conversations and collaborations with diverse partners, integrate and evaluate information presented in diverse media formats, and evaluate a speaker’s point of view, reasoning, and reasoning and use of evidence and rhetoric. For language, students shall demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking, demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing, and demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings. b) What is the intent behind the Language Progressive Skills Chart? (p. 30) The Language Progressive Skills Chart is used to chart the standards that need to be taught to students. It charts them by importance and what grade levels they should be assessed at. This is important to know what students have and haven’t been

Beginners Guide to the Aztec Empire of Central Mexico

Beginners Guide to the Aztec Empire of Central Mexico The Aztec Empire was a group of allied but ethnically different city states who lived in central Mexico and controlled much of central America from the 12th century AD until the Spanish invasion of the 15th century. The main political alliance creating the Aztec empire was called the Triple Alliance, including the Mexica of Tenochtitlan, the Acolhua of Texcoco, and the Tepaneca of Tlacopan; together they dominated most of Mexico between 1430 and 1521 AD. The capital city of the Aztecs was at Tenochtitlan-Tlatlelco, what is today Mexico City, and the extent of their empire covered almost all of what is today Mexico. At the time of Spanish conquest, the capital was a cosmopolitan city, with different ethnic groups from all over Mexico. The state language was Nahuatl and written documentation was kept on bark cloth manuscripts (most of which were destroyed by the Spanish). A high level of stratification in Tenochtitlan included both nobles and commoners. There were frequent ritual human sacrifices, part of the military and ritual activities of the Aztec people, although it is possible and perhaps likely that these were exaggerated by the Spanish clergy. Timeline of the Aztec Culture AD 1110 - Mexica leave their homeland (Aztlan)AD 1110-1325 - Mexica travel throughout what is now Mexico, looking for a place to settleAD 1325 - Mexica settle TenochtitlanAD 1372-1391 - Rule of Acamapichtli, the first king of TenochtitlanAD 1391-1415 - Rule of Huitzilihuitzli; alliance with  Tepanecs AD 1415-1426 - Rule of ChimalpopocaAD 1428-1430 - Tepanec WarAD 1430 -  Triple Alliance  established between Mexica, Tepaneca of the city of Tlacopan, and Acolhua of the city of TexcocoAD 1436-1440 - Rule of ItzcoatlAD 1440-1468 - Rule of Motecuhzoma I (also called Montezuma)AD 1468-1481 - Rule of AxayactlAD 1481-1486 - Rule of TizocAD 1486-1502 - Rule of AhuitzotlAD 1492 -  Columbus lands in Santa Domingo AD 1496 - Columbus second voyageAD 1502-1520 - Rule of  Motecuhzoma II AD 1510 - Tenochtitlan floodsAD 1519 -  Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes lands  on the Yucatan peninsula and begins his assault on AztecsAD 1520 - Rule of CuitahuacAD 1520 - First smallpox epidemic; Cuitahuac diesAD 1520 - Rule of Cuauhtemoc AD 1521 - Tenochtitlan falls to the Spanish A Few Important Facts about the Aztec Empire Population:  In 1519, the population of the Basin of Mexico was estimated at 1 million inhabitants, between 100,000 and 200,000 in the capital city alone Extent:  Thirty-eight provinces were submitting tribute to Tenochtitlan in 1519, according to the  Codex Mendoza State Language:  Nahuatl, a Uto-Aztecan language Life Expectancy:  37 years, due to high  birth rates  and high infant mortality rates Writing:  State documents concerning administrative details such as the amount of tribute paid to the capital city by each province were preserved on colorfully painted bark cloth paper, made by soaking and pounding the inner bark of the fig or mulberry tree. Calendars:  Like the Maya and other American civilizations, the Aztecs had two cycles to their  calendar, one a 365-day solar year and one a 260 ritual year. Combined, they made a 52-year Calendar Round. The Aztecs believed bad things happened at the end of a Calendar Round. Marriage:  Men could take as many wi ves as they could afford. The first wife was principal, but all wives spun thread and wove cloth, both sources of wealth for Aztec families. Ethnographic Data:  The best information we have on the Aztecs today comes from the writings from members of the Spanish colonization force, such as  Bartolome de las Casas  and  Fray Diego Duran. Aztecs Ritual and the Arts Intoxicants:  Pulque, from fermented agave sap;  peyotl  buttons, datura, psilocybin, black nightshade,  tobacco, morning glory seeds,  chocolate  in a drink, sometimes flavored by  chili peppers  and/or  vanilla Lapidary Arts:  Jadeite,  obsidian, chalcedony,  spondylus  shell Metallurgy:  Two bronzes, one of combined copper and tin, and one of copper arsenic; cast bells,  rings,  and tweezers; some gold and silver. Much was imported from west Mesoamerican  mines,  and metalworkers;  craft work in Tenochtitlan  included hammering, filigree and lost wax methods. The Feathered Serpent:  This pan-mesoamerican fantastic creature was called Quetzalcoatl in the Aztec language. Tlachtli Ball Game:  Played with a rubber ball in a masonry court, the ball game called tlachtli was so important to the Aztecs that 16,000 balls were imported from the Maya lowlands into Tenochtitlan annually. Aztecs and Economics Markets and Trade Network:  Cortes reported that he found a  large market system  in place in the Aztec capital city, where 60,000 people came to trade goods. During the Aztec Empire (1325-1520), the distribution of goods was so widespread that many of the materials traded were mass-produced in villages. A  long-distance trade  exchange system was in place throughout the Aztec Empire, with professional traders called  pochteca  carrying goods such as bird feathers, cacao beans and, most importantly, information. Currency:  Gold jewelry, textiles, cacao beans, and beaten copper axes. Cultivated Crops:  Maize, beans, salvia, squash, tomatoes, cactus, cotton, chile, manioc, goosefoot, amaranth,  cacao (chocolate), avocado, agave Domesticated Animals:  Turkey, duck,  dog Agriculture:  The chinampa system of agriculture used by the Aztecs consisted of a raised planting platform built in a shallow swampland and irrigated through a series of dikes. Aztecs and Warfare Weaponry:  Bow and arrow,  atlatl, oak broadswords with obsidian blades, thrusting spears, round shields of fire-hardened cane, quilted cotton armor, and shield and armed canoes. Ritual  Sacrifice:  According to written records by the Spanish, prisoners of war were led to the top of the Great Pyramid in Tenochtitlan and sacrificed by having their hearts cut out. Their bodies were then thrown down the steps of the pyramid, where they were decapitated, dismembered and eaten by Aztec warriors. This may have been exaggerated by Sahagun, but there is no doubt that ritual sacrifice was part of the rituals of Aztec war. Ritual  Bloodletting  Bloodletting, or auto-sacrifice, was a personal ritual performed by Aztec elites. Empire:  The Aztec mode of imperialism was to conquer a new territory, and then put in a leader over the existing system, rather than replace the entire ruling leadership. This unique blend of force and bribery was extremely effective in maintaining a  far -flung empire. Important Archaeological Sites of the Aztec Empire Tenochtitlan  - Capital city of the Mexica, founded in 1325 on a swampy island in the middle of Lake Texcoco; now underneath the city of Mexico city Tlatelolco  - Sister city of Tenochtitlan, known for its huge market. Azcapotzalco  - Capital of the Tepanecs, captured by the Mexica and added to the Aztec hegemony at the end of the Tepanec War Cuauhnahuac  - Modern day Cuernavaca, Morelos. Established by Tlahuica ca AD 1140, captured by Mexica in 1438. Malinalco  - Rock cut temple built ca 1495-1501. Guiengola  - Zapotec city on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Oaxaca state, allied with the Aztecs by marriage Xaltocan, in Tlaxcala north of Mexico City, founded on a floating island Study Questions Why would the Spanish chroniclers of the Aztecs exaggerate the violence and blood of the Aztecs in their reports back to Spain?What advantages are there to placing a capital city on a marshy island in the middle of a lake?The following English words are derived from the Nahuatl language: avocado, chocolate, and  atlatl. Why do you think these words are the ones we use today?Why do you think the Mexica chose to ally with their neighbors in the Triple Alliance rather than conquering them?What role do you think disease played with the fall of the Aztec empire? Sources on the Aztec Civilization Susan Toby Evans and David L. Webster. 2001. Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encylopedia. Garland Publishing, Inc. New York.Michael E. Smith. 2004. The  Aztecs. 5th edition. Gareth Stevens. Gary Jennings. Aztec; Aztec Blood and Aztec Autumn. Although these are novels, some archaeologists do use Jennings as a textbook on the Aztecs. John Pohl. 2001. Aztecs and Conquistadores. Osprey Publishing. Charles Phillips. 2005. The Aztec and Maya World. Frances Berdan et al. 1996. Aztec Imperial Strategies. Dumbarton Oaks .

Business Strategy - merger and acquisition Essay

Business Strategy - merger and acquisition - Essay Example On the other hand, increased competition is likely to persuade firms to explore various channel alternatives available to them in an attempt to extend their coverage. For Able Corporation, identification of new opportunities may or may not mean their giving up their traditional lines of distribution. Much depends on whether the new system is seen as being innovative. If the firm sees potential benefits accruing from adopting a distribution system which does not fit with those currently used by competing firms in the market, it is likely that they will test these in conjunction with the tried and tested methods currently under use. Mergers and acquisition policy is undoubtedly the most radical growth strategy open to management in that it represents a deliberate attempt to change the nature of the business. Acquisition policy can be further classified into backward, forward and horizontal integration. Acquisition policy occurs when the new business is related in some way to the old on e. Firms have sought to gain greater control over the source of raw materials or the supply of components by some form of backward integration. The main strategy for Able Corporation is to improve its market position and increase market share based on the strategy developed by the President. The new strategy is a logical development of the solutions and corporate vision adopted by the President. Today, Able Corporation needs a strong partner to compete on the market and Walden International will help it to increase market share and remain competitive (Bridges 2003). The second step is to show financial and business opportunities proposed by the merger with Walden International. Investment decisions should be carefully examined by both firms because investment are long run decisions where consumption and investment alternatives are balanced overtime. There are many similarities between short-run and long-run decision making, for example, the choice between alternatives, the need to consider future costs and revenues and the importance of incremental changes in costs and revenues but there is the additional requirement for investment decisions that, because of the time scale involved, the time value of the money invested must be considered. The time scale also makes the consideration of uncertainty and inflation of even greater importance than when considering short-term decisions. That is why the strategic investment planning process is a series of logical steps that have to be worked through in order to arrive at a logical 'common format' for th e implementation of strategy and marketing plan (Sterman, 2000). Taking into account financial statements of Able Corporation it is evident that the company cannot "capture greater share in the two growing segments of the power tool market" without strong business partner. Also, it is important to take into account that "top management has come to realize that it seriously miscalculated the underlying financial health and market position of Able Corporation" (case study). The third step is to persuade the President that the super-ordinate goal of most businesses is survival and this may only be achieved by pursuing strategies of growth. While it is difficult to

Finance Concepts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Finance Concepts - Assignment Example If the estimated life of this project is 5 years and the Required Rate of Return is 10%, then we can also calculate the NPV of this project. If the NPV is also a positive value then we can safely estimate that this project will carry a good return, and the initial investment would be covered in 5 years. (Shim & Siegel, 2000). 2. Whenever one wants to finance a business, he can go for either debt or equity financing. Debt Financing carries lots of advantages and disadvantages. The major advantage of this form of financing is that you do not lose the ownership of your company. The lender also does not have any sort of share in the future business profits. Moreover, the interest on debt is deductible on the tax’s returns, hence reducing the actual cost of loan to the company. Finally, in the case of debt financing the company is not entitled to send their annual reports to various stakeholders. However there is always another side of a coin. Debt Financing carries the disadvantag e of at being repaid at some point in time. The interest cost can be very risky for a company, especially at the times of financial crisis. Other than that the collateral the company pledges against the loan can put extra pressure on the owner of a small venture. There is a reason why companies choose to invest in stock rather than bonds. The investment in bonds carries lower returns than stocks. Even though it is less risky, the return on stocks can be much more appealing. Investors can, in certain situations lose money on bonds, if they sell a bond when the price is lower from when they purchased it. The higher inflation rates over the investment return on bonds will hurt the purchasing power of the money the investors have (Petch, n.d.). 3. In the field of finance there is an important concept of risk-return trade-off. There is a general idea that prevails, the higher the risk the greater the return would be for an investment. The balance of the risk-return trade-offs, is hence a key factor in designing a proper financial and investment plan. Let us take an example of investment in stocks. In the case of a speculative stock because of its high risk, as an investor, you will expect a higher return. The same is the case with the working capital management. If you keep a lower inventory, there is a risk of running out of stock and hence you expect a larger return out of it (Shim & Siegel, 2000). 4. In finance, a Beta measures how volatile any security is to the market average. In layman terms, it measures the return of a security in a certain time period in relation to the overall market. Let us take an example, if a company has a beta of 2.0 in due time, this would mean that if the stock market would increase by 10%, our company’s stock will increase twice fold i.e. by 20% and vice versa. If the company has a 0 beta that means it is not affected by the market. A 0.5 beta would mean the company’s stock is half as volatile as the market, while a 1 beta would show that the company is as volatile as the market (Shim & Siegel, 2000). 5. When a risk occurs due to non-probabilistic events and not by pure chance, it is classified as

Pulmonary Rehabilitation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pulmonary Rehabilitation - Essay Example To achieve this objective, Rochester (2008) analyzes various relevant secondary sources. The researcher finds the need for preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation for patients preparing for lung transplantation or LVRS because such patients are medically complex and have exercise limitations and that these surgical procedures present substantial preoperative complications and risk of mortality. Despite its ventilating limitation, it was found that this procedure improves peak work rate, walk distance, muscle strength, maximum oxygen consumption and quality of life. However, the researcher could not determine whether it increases surgery survival, surgery tolerance and adherence to medication. The research documents postoperative benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation including hastening recovery and optimizing functional status. There are no formal guidelines for pulmonary rehabilitation but the research suggests strength exercise training, alternating high and low intensity training and stretching and chest mobility exercises among others. The findings give scientific evidence of effectiveness, safety and feasibility of pulmonary rehabilitation for patients seeking to undergo or recovering from lung transplantation or LVRS. However, the patients should be monitored to ensure that they do not show any signs of undesirable events. Appropriate safety precautions should be taught during training. Rochester (2008) proposes the need for future investigation of whether lung transplantation and LVRS outcome could be improved by improving symptom management and exercise

How do Casinos Guard against Unethical Behavior Term Paper

How do Casinos Guard against Unethical Behavior - Term Paper Example There is also much arguing over whether or not the economic and social effects of casino gambling outweigh the early income that may be generated. And also a casino that upholds any law consistently is working ethically. If the law is no mid entry f shoe, then that law applies to everybody, and imposed on everybody. If that law is only applied to certain group of actors for the casinos personal gluttonous causes then of course that is termed as unethical. By the establishment of state legal action must be taken in opposition to these casinos for the right to not be distinguished in opposition to for using our minds to improve ourselves. And, a business should not be permitted to charge some clients more for the similar product as well, particularly right in front of the two clients at the table. Casinos have all right to be as profitable as possible and achievable, but not by way cheating the particular public. Casinos are faced various unethical problems nowadays. â€Å"The Interna tional Casino Conference (ICC) was created in 2009 by the European Casino Association, in partnership with Clarion Gaming, as a strategic platform for ECA's members, the European and International casino community to meet and discuss, in an intimate format, solutions to key challenges faced by the industry in Europe† (International Casino Conference (ICC), n.d). ... Casinos around the earth face a real challenge in consistently recognizing undesirables, banned persons and self-excluders. These security and regulatory driven needs must function efficiently, yet should incorporate seamlessly into existing processes of the business in a method that origins minimum disruption to other clientele, or the business itself. Failure to precisely recognize these target groups can have an important fiscal impact on a casino, creating the right solution a key constituent of the security toolkit. Unethical practices always create lots of problems in all area of concerns. Proper measures must be taken to overcome all these unethical practice in the Casino industry to working in a good manner. Visimetrics specialize or concentrate in the design, expansion and produce of high-performance recording system of digital video, storage space and organization systems for audio and video surveillance. As a well recognized and extremely appreciated supplier to the casino segment, Visimetrics recognized the demand of these casino sector’s for a solution that would precisely and consistently recognize banned people, self-excluders and even VIPs. After a widespread marketplace trials and research, Visimetrics partnered with various types of face identification expert Omni Perception. Omni Perception’s tactful and world-leading approach to recognizing non-compliant subject matters in any lighting circumstances and in real time made it the perfect solution for this atmosphere. â€Å"Omni Perception’s live facial recognition solution was simple to install, easy to use and gave great results. All the staff at the casino was impressed by its ability to recognize subjects,

Social Justice Issues Concerning Minority Children in America Term Paper

Social Justice Issues Concerning Minority Children in America - Term Paper Example This cannot and should not be understood to mean that minority children are somehow irrevocably different or predisposed to certain strengths or weaknesses. Rather, environmental factors as well as the pervasive views within society, uneven allocation of resources, and the alternative approaches that certain cultures take with regards to the topics which will herein be discussed are the most powerful factors in shaping the way that minorities must integrate with the overall application and importance of such determinants. With regards to the cognitive development that takes place within minority shareholders, it is the very strong belief of this author that this determinant/measurement is fundamentally and absolutely no different than the level of cognitive development that takes place within white/affluent shareholders. The greatest level of differentiation with regards to this is realized as a function of the quality of the educational system itself and the degree to which the fami ly impact upon this cognitive development. ... Strident members of one side of the argument state that minority students are nearly an entire standard deviation away from their white counterparts with regards to their overall level of scholastic achievement. Those in disagreement with such a stance pointed the fact that the gap is necessarily smaller yet nonetheless extraordinarily important to focus upon and seek to fix. The ugly truth at the heart of the matter is with regards to the quality of the teachers, the overall level of funding, and the importance that education and scholastics is able to realize on the home front of these minority families (Deo, 2012). With regards to the first two of these determinants, they can be understood to integrate most closely with a level of tacit racism that exists within the educational system. Due to the fact that the US Department of Education, and community shareholders, must seek to allocate limited resources in order to affect limitless needs, minority neighborhoods/communities are of tentimes deprived of fundamental and necessary technologies, high quality teachers, and monetary resources with which to effect positive growth on the overall level of academic achievement that their students can reflect (Pilkington, 2013). However, this last determinant which has been listed is with regards to the level of importance that education plays within the family unit. Although the first two of these determinants can be affected from a governmental/community level, the third is one that must necessarily take place within the home. It is the further understanding of this particular author that the tests and metrics that are used to measure students are not in and of themselves biased; rather, the appropriation of funding, resources, and

How do Casinos Guard against Unethical Behavior Term Paper

How do Casinos Guard against Unethical Behavior - Term Paper Example There is also much arguing over whether or not the economic and social effects of casino gambling outweigh the early income that may be generated. And also a casino that upholds any law consistently is working ethically. If the law is no mid entry f shoe, then that law applies to everybody, and imposed on everybody. If that law is only applied to certain group of actors for the casinos personal gluttonous causes then of course that is termed as unethical. By the establishment of state legal action must be taken in opposition to these casinos for the right to not be distinguished in opposition to for using our minds to improve ourselves. And, a business should not be permitted to charge some clients more for the similar product as well, particularly right in front of the two clients at the table. Casinos have all right to be as profitable as possible and achievable, but not by way cheating the particular public. Casinos are faced various unethical problems nowadays. â€Å"The Interna tional Casino Conference (ICC) was created in 2009 by the European Casino Association, in partnership with Clarion Gaming, as a strategic platform for ECA's members, the European and International casino community to meet and discuss, in an intimate format, solutions to key challenges faced by the industry in Europe† (International Casino Conference (ICC), n.d). ... Casinos around the earth face a real challenge in consistently recognizing undesirables, banned persons and self-excluders. These security and regulatory driven needs must function efficiently, yet should incorporate seamlessly into existing processes of the business in a method that origins minimum disruption to other clientele, or the business itself. Failure to precisely recognize these target groups can have an important fiscal impact on a casino, creating the right solution a key constituent of the security toolkit. Unethical practices always create lots of problems in all area of concerns. Proper measures must be taken to overcome all these unethical practice in the Casino industry to working in a good manner. Visimetrics specialize or concentrate in the design, expansion and produce of high-performance recording system of digital video, storage space and organization systems for audio and video surveillance. As a well recognized and extremely appreciated supplier to the casino segment, Visimetrics recognized the demand of these casino sector’s for a solution that would precisely and consistently recognize banned people, self-excluders and even VIPs. After a widespread marketplace trials and research, Visimetrics partnered with various types of face identification expert Omni Perception. Omni Perception’s tactful and world-leading approach to recognizing non-compliant subject matters in any lighting circumstances and in real time made it the perfect solution for this atmosphere. â€Å"Omni Perception’s live facial recognition solution was simple to install, easy to use and gave great results. All the staff at the casino was impressed by its ability to recognize subjects,

Plato or dubois Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plato or dubois - Essay Example Between the fire and those who are shackle that is behind their backs there runs a walkway at a certain height. Imagine that a low wall has been built the length of the walkway, like the low curtain that puppeteers put up, over which they show their puppets. The images carried before the fire (Griffith, 2003). So now imagine that all along this low wall people are carrying all sorts of things that reach up higher than the wall: statues and other carvings made of stone or wood and many other artifacts that people have made. As you would expect, some are talking to each other as they walk along and some are silent (Griffith, 2003). This clearly opens up to us that these prisoners are viewing shadows of the objects and that what’s they believe in not the really objects. Latter on one of the prisoners is released and what he encounters is the fire whose light hurts his eyes, the same happens when he is dragged out of the cave the sun’s rays do only intensify his pain. This indicates change of environment. He still doesn’t believe in what he sees but with time he adapts and this is a result of gradual interaction with the new environment that he was introduced. He comes to the realisation that all that what he has been seeing during his stay in the cave were mere shadows and the echoes didn’t necessary signify the projection of what the passing shadows were engaging in; actions such as footsteps and the conversations they held as they passed by. Finally the prisoner has come to this realization that the reality is based on frequent and deep exposure to the environment. According to the Allegory of the Cave by Plato this freed man should go back to the cave and shade light that they truly lack; those prisoned in the cave. In today’s life the Allegory of the Cave actually is a true reflection of man’s life, and the way he does carry out himself out in his daily activities. We are very stubborn and don’t want to let in the reality, we do claim that we

The Impact Of Behavior On Individual Success Essay Example for Free

The Impact Of Behavior On Individual Success Essay INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Success means different things to different people. For some it means having a healthy family, living in a nice home, and working at a good job. For others it means fancy cars, glamorous surroundings, fame and of course, fortune. In addition, each person’s definition of success changes as his or her life moves and changes. At one point in life, success might mean falling in love and entering into a long-term relationship with another person; at another point it might mean devoting a significant amount to travel or put the kids through school; and at still another point in time, it might mean devoting a significant amount of time and energy to spiritual matters, Even though every individual has a different and ever-changing definition of success, what motivates each and ever one of us to pursue success is our desire for a happier and more fulfilling life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Success, therefore, is more about emotional satisfaction than it is about maternal reality. It is more of a state of mind than a state of being. When we set our sights on a new job, more money, a new car, a better relationship, what we are really asking for is happiness that is a very worthy goal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We have become a society that desires immediate gratifications above all else. More often than not, when we watch television or go to the movies, we see this desire projected onto characters who usually have no real means of earning a living, but who possess everything we want: money, lovely homes, and many other material things. There is no great mystery surrounding what constitutes the material dimension. Our ability to think inwardly, to reason, is what separates us from other living creatures. This ability to think inwardly and pursue tranquility is what makes living worthwhile. This paper looks at the impact of behavior on individual success and the ways people can improve their success by improving their behaviors and actions. The performance of a business depends on how its organization behaves in the midst of dynamic environment, competition and diversified consumers. The success and failure of a business firm rely much on the type of its organizational behavior. A business firm encounters uncertainty and risk in its operation which mostly related to changes in the economic condition, consumer preferences and competitors. There is also the challenge brought by the highly competitive market that a business firm has to face. In addition, organizational behavior includes changes in its internal organization such as the employees, shareholders and the management. George Jones (2000) define organizational behavior as â€Å"the study of the many factors that have an impact on how individuals and groups respond to and act in organizations and how organizations manage their environments.† It deals with the interaction between the organization and the individuals or its employees. The study of organizational behavior provides a set of tools that explains why people in an organization stay for many years or leave in a short period of time. It also explains why there are people who are considered assets in a company but others are not. The study of organizational behavior also serves as an instrument that allows the management to identify strength and weaknesses of each individual or group. In this way, promoting changes in an organization will improve the capacity of each member to achieve the organization’s common goal and objective. Gibson et al (2002)   maintains that effective management of behaviors needs an understanding of theory research and practice. It is essential that these three characteristics be incorporated both in individual and organizational success. Author Derrick sums up his idea of an ethical way of life as being a passionate way of life as well when he begins his book with the saying that â€Å"An ethical endeavor at which you can work with passion and integrity is a key component in a satisfying life.† Derrick is not the common self-help psychology author. The reader is made to feel that what he says is sacred and worth reading. He has all his insights about life in that book. It seems that passion is a main issue to him as he repeats it again on page 18 as he says. An ethical life is, of necessity, a passionate one (p. 18). As one reads the book, the reader is reminded how the values he expounds in his book can be linked to actual work settings. For instance, the value of courage as he explains is not so much in being brave but in owning up to one’s duties and responsibilities. Blaming has never been an asset in any company, especially a prison where a mistake can be fatal when things go awry. When people start blaming other departments for the problems that arise, then, there must something wrong with the way that institution has been established  in the first place. What is sure though is the faulty attitude that makes up that particular organization. This is also a big communication barrier that needs immediate remedy. When one has a grudge against someone, he tends to make that someone responsible for everything he finds wrong. But when one is honest about his dealings with people, then that honesty returns back to him many folded.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When a person in one department blames someone, his desire to judge and punish is often what is at work. Someone blames another when he is angry because the action made things turn out differently than he wished—if not through his words, then through his manner and tone of voice. One can put all the responsibility for what happened to him, in a way that implies what he did was â€Å"wrong† or â€Å"bad.† Moreover, blame breeds resentment. â€Å"it’s your fault!† is a red-flag phrase. It is to a person what a matador’s cape is to a bull. The hooker in blame is that smidgen of truth in what one said or implied. One can seldom say, â€Å"That’s just what you feel-it has nothing to do with me.† When a person’s blamer goes to work, it is very canny.  It knows exactly where to go zap, where to pick out that nasty kernel of truth. A put-down artist is an expert at zeroing in on where you feel bad about oneself and making him feel even smaller there.   Two messages get mixed up in blame: one party’s statement of how he feels (I’m angry and disappointed†) and one’s evaluation of the other party (â€Å"Scum like you shouldn’t be aloud to work in this company.†). The feelings about the situation are often hidden in the â€Å"you-are-bad† message, instead of being said straight out. One-way blaming in the organization is overcome is help open up communication between two blaming departments. Members of these departments must also be reminded that they need to take responsibility for their part in what happened. In the end,   there is respect to the proper authorities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Each organization has its own characteristics depicted by the behaviors of its members or employees. They share a common behavior which is already established among them even though employees come and go over time. This common behavior is considered as an organizational culture that bonds the relationship among employees and management. Employees will only adapt to this culture and it is difficult for anyone to deviate. Hence, an organizational culture also influences the behavior of an individual. Since it is very hard to deviate from an organizational culture, adjustment in most cases takes time. Organizational culture also changes overtime. An example of this is the changes in workplace environment. Traditionally, a workplace environment is characterized by workstation, office space or building. With the advent of new technology in communication, the use of virtual office has been introduced. A virtual office allows an employee to work at home or at any place of his or her convenience. An organization culture may develop in this kind of work environment that will involve even workers located all over the globe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The introduction of new technologies in communication, the internet in particular, provides many opportunities for many business firms. Business firms can expand its market from local to international customers. However, business firms will also face the threat of increasing competition and the uncertainty of customer preferences. The diversity of the competitors and costumers in the world market is a big challenge for creating new business strategies. Competitors are diversified in terms of product features, prices and selling schemes. On the other hand, customers differ in preferences, taste and purchasing power. In addition, the international market itself is diversified in terms of government regulations, technological facilities, culture, tradition and religion. (Leading Quietly).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The new challenges brought by the diversified international market require organizational effectiveness and efficiency to succeed in business. Organizational effectiveness and efficiency rely much on the business strategies that decision-makers formulate. Each organization is unique and has its own characteristics. This means that decision-makers such as managers and corporate heads must have business strategies fit to the needs of the organizations. Decisions should consider internal and external factors as well as short- and long-term goals that affect business goals. However, any decision made also comes with risk in which the outcome may not be satisfactory. But this may serve as a learning experience for an organization to improve its performance in the future especially in terms of the way they conduct their business (Business Ethics).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Organizational learning is part of an organization’s development process. Business strategies evolve overtime as market shifts from simple to complex customer needs. Effective learning process among decision-makers includes their relationship with the market, colleagues and the organization. They should learn as an individual to make themselves more capable and effective. They should also learn as an organization to impart with them the organization’s goals and objectives. Organizational learning varies in different form. Some organizations learn from external factors while others learn from within. External factors such as business cycles, economic condition and competitors’ behavior influence management’s decision. Likewise, internal factors such as employees’ empowerment, management change and organizational restructure affect business performance. Asking is a process of learning within an organization. It is not wrong for a manager to ask or seek suggestions from his or her subordinates. This management style can introduce teamwork within the organization. The role of a manager may shift from one who direct, commands or dictates tasks to one who coaches, coordinates or oversees business goals. However, this type of management practice requires that employees should share with the organization’s goal, mission and strategies. This only happens if communication between the organization and the employees has been well-established. Communication starts in the beginning of employment. Each employee should be aware of the organization’s mission, vision and goal. He or she knows the importance of the job that he or she will perform and how this will contribute to achieve the organization’s goal. An employee’s perception may be different from the way he or she behaves in an organization. However, better communication between the organization itself and the employees will facilitate as corrective tools to the perception of an employee that might be influenced by his or her work environment. Bell has insightful nuggets of wisdom interspersed in his book as he views corrupt leaders as being too much money-oriented. People need to be informed about standing up for one’s true beliefs. An example here is  when departments do not communicate or update the status of information, because they are afraid the boss will be angry. To avoid this, employees must be able to follow up to determine whether important messages have been understood. Feedback doesn’t have to be verbal; in fact, actions often speak louder than words. The sales manager who describes desired changes in the monthly sales planning report receives feedback from the report itself when it is turned in. If it contains the proper changes, the manager knows the message was received and understood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Managers who tell everyone to see the big picture often create a serious communication overload. Rather than trying to keep everyone involved, top-level management need   to follow the â€Å"need-to-know† principle transmitting communication and updating people in other areas of the organization that need the necessary information. Sometimes it is useful to regulate the flow of information and procedures that need to be brought to the attention of the people in the other departments. As long as performance falls within the acceptable range, the regular procedures are followed. References Bell, D.(2002).   Ethical Ambition: Living a Life of Meaning and Worth. Sept.- Oct. 2002 Bloomsbury of New York and London October 2002. Business Ethics. Retrieved Jan 11, 2007 at: http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0130797723/ref=sib_dp_pt/104-1829689-6709521#reader-page George, J., Jones, G. (2000). Understanding and Managing Organizational Behavior (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc. Retrieved Jan 11, 2007 at: from, http://www.prenhall.com/managementzone/georgemob3/ Gibson, James, Ivancevich, John, Donnelly, James and Konopaske, Robert. (2002). Organizations Behavior, Structure Process. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. 11th edition. Leading Quietly. Retrieved Jan 11, 2007 at: http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1578514878/ref=sib_rdr_ex/104-1829689-6709521?%5Fencoding=UTF8p=S00Qj=0#reader-page

William Shakespeare: Research Assignment

William Shakespeare: Research Assignment William Shakespeare is most arguably the best English poet and story writer the English literature world has ever known. Some of his famous works that one may recognize includes Macbeth, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet and many others. But there were plenty of other things happening in England during the sixteenth and seventeenth century. Important events like the defeat of the Spanish Armada, treaty of peace between England and France, alliance between England and Netherlands, discovery and exploration of the new world, and the rise/fall of plenty of English rulers. All of these events impacted Shakespeare in one way or the other which could make one want to study Shakespeares work and compare/contrast the real world events with his work. If one doesnt know of William Shakespeare then theyve been hiding under a rock for centuries. William was a son of a wealthy business owner and active citizen of Stratford-upon-England. Shakespeare father then married Mary Arden in 1557 and had William on April 23, 1564. The black plague was decimating England in the fifteenth century and William was lucky that he survived. He lost several siblings to the plague including his older sisters Joan and Margaret. During that time period William and his brother Gilbert escaped the grasp of the deathly plagued and would both grow up to become successful people. William started school at the age of six at the Stratford grammar school. He was taught primarily in Latin but he also learned in English. Some believe that William was taken out of school at the age of thirteen due to financial problems but that wouldnt stop young William from learning. When he was about the age of eighteen he married a woman named Anne Hathaway, who was older and pregnant at the time. They had their first born in 1583 and they named her Susanna. Two years later they had twins by the name of Hamnet and Judith. Sadly one of the twins, Hamnet, died in 1596 due to unknown causes which affected William deeply. During this time, England was in a time of military dominance and golden age. They were about to go explore the new world and had unofficially involved in hostilities against Spain since the 1570s(Patrick, Pg 331). They were starting to gain wealth and power at a rapid rate. This certainly affected the citizens of England by ways of culture and entertainment. During this time, Shakespeare around the late 1500s was an inspiring actor and playwright. After gaining prominence in London, he became part owner of the Globe Theater and Blackfriars Theater in 1603. He continued acting until 1613 where he went to his hometown of Stratford to retire and sadly die in 1616, exactly 52 years to the day of his birth. William Shakespeare died in a time of religious controversy, exploration of life and values, and the start of personal freedom and protection. England was a country with many problems but that was only inspiration for Shakespeare along with personal events affected him. For example the death of his son caused sorrow for him which in turn was expressed in his writing. The sorrow also came through when he joined different acting troupes which also helped him to gain ideas and thoughts about drama. All of these events and tragedys eventually combine and come through Shakespeare writing and with his fame that he found during acting, it only took a matter of time for his writing to gain popularity. Though William Shakespeare was never a rich man, he still continued to follow what he loved most. He lived comfortably in Stratford which was all that he wanted for he would continue writing dramas and comedys that all would become famous either back then or right now. But people of England were not an easy crowd to please back in the 16th and 17th century. There was much upheaval in their government around this time which consisted of executions of political members to the public or assassinations. The Irish and Scots also were trying to gain their own independence from England around the late 1500s which made England be in constant war with countrys all around them. But even after Shakespeares death there was war and political unrest. The Thirty Years War begins, lasts until 1648,(britannia.com) and the exploration of the new world is fully underway which lead to England becoming more resourceful. Around the 1620s, ten years after the death of Shakespeare, King Charles I is forced to accept parliaments statement about civil rights in return for money so he can continue fighting his wars. This really marked the first time other then the Magna Carta that the king of England gives the people rights and civil liberties but of course they had to bargain for it. But not long after that King Charles I actually dissolve the parliament and rules England himself for the next 10 years. Dissolving the parliament wasnt actually a bad idea because King Charles I made peace with Spain and France which wouldnt of happened if parliament was still running. There has been many changes to England all during this time but its important to look back at history and truly see. William Shakespeare was in some way a motivator or influencer of England and its people who were in constant war and in chaos. If one looks back and compares the history of England to Shakespeares stories then they can see the similarities between them. When a reader today picks up a Shakespeare book or tale and reads it, its almost like looking back at England in that time period as if you were there and witness what it was like. Shakespeare gives us imagery and passion about England and thats why with his skills of writing and interesting dramatic stories that we still read about him and his tales today. Bibliography 1598, By. William Shakespeare. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 11 Nov. 2010. . Britannia: British History and Travel. Web. 11 Nov. 2010. . WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE. Web. 11 Nov. 2010. . James A. Patrick. Renaissance And Reformation. New York: Marshall Cavendish, Giovanni Caselli. The Renaissance And the New World. New York: Peter Bedrick Books, 1986. Catherine de Medicis. Reformation, Exploration, Empire. Danbury: Grolier, 2005.